Category Archives: General

Studying for Exams: How to Write a Letter to the Editor

General, ,

Writing a Letter to the Editor isn’t exactly the most exciting task on the writing syllabus. It doesn’t come with flashy visuals or dramatic plot twists. But here’s the thing—it’s a classic exam question, and with exams just around the corner, we can’t afford to skip it.

The good news? Once you understand the structure and purpose, this writing task becomes a lot more manageable—and even a little empowering. After all, a letter to the editor is your chance to share your opinion, raise awareness, and suggest solutions to real-world problems.

PDF Table format with Structure, Useful Sentence Starters and High-Impact Vocabulary. I have put in bold the most advanced structures, in case you want to go the extra mile 🙂

How to Write a Letter to the Editor

Step 1: Understand the Purpose

A Letter to the Editor is your way of responding to a public issue, article, or event. You’re not just giving your opinion—you’re raising awareness, persuading others, and sometimes even suggesting action.

Typical prompts might ask you to:

  • Express your opinion about a recent news story
  • Respond to someone else’s opinion
  • Suggest improvements or solutions to a problem

Step 2: Structure Your Letter

Think of your letter as a mini-argument with a clear beginning, middle, and end:

1. Salutation

Use a formal greeting:  Dear Editor, To the Editor,

2. Opening Paragraph – Why You’re Writing

State the reason for your letter clearly and briefly. Mention the article or issue you’re responding to.
I am writing in response to your recent article on plastic pollution in local parks.

3. Main Body – Your Argument (1–2 Paragraphs)

Explain your opinion. Use clear points and examples. Stay polite, even if you strongly disagree.
Many people underestimate the damage plastic waste causes to wildlife. It’s time for local councils to take real action.

4. Conclusion – Wrap It Up

Restate your point and, if appropriate, suggest a solution or call to action.
I strongly encourage the community to support local clean-up efforts and reduce plastic use.

5. Sign-Off

Formal and polite, without using your full name in exams.
🖊 Yours faithfully,
Concerned Student

Step 3: Use the Right Language

  • Keep it formal but not stiff: no slang, contractions (like “I’m” or “don’t”), or emojis.

  • Use modals to sound polite and persuasive: should, must, could, would

  • Try linking words for clarity: Firstly, In addition, However, Therefore, In conclusion

Step 4: Common Mistakes to Avoid

🚫 Don’t be too emotional—stick to reasoned arguments
🚫 Don’t forget the format (especially the greeting and sign-off)
🚫 Don’t use informal expressions or abbreviations

EXAMPLE

I have put in bold,

  • connectors
  • high-impact vocabulary
  • grammar structures

Dear Editor,

I am writing in response to the article “Why We Must Ban Mobile Phones in Schools,” published on 8 May in your education supplement. While I acknowledge the concerns raised regarding distractions and misuse, I believe that a complete ban would be both counterproductive and short-sighted.

In today’s digital world, mobile phones are no longer merely tools for entertainment; they enhance students’ engagement and autonomy. Many educational apps, cloud-based platforms, and AI-powered tools can significantly improve students’ engagement and autonomy. For instance, language learners can access dictionaries and pronunciation tools in real time. Additionally, augmented reality apps can be used  by science students  to visualize complex processes. To deny students access to such resources is, therefore, to deny them the opportunity to become digitally literate—a skill that is not just useful but essential in the 21st-century workplace.

Of course, clear boundaries must be set. Mobile phones should only be permitted for academic purposes, under teacher supervision. Schools must establish robust guidelines that mitigate misuse; however, they should also integrate the positive potential of technology into the classroom. Banning mobile phones altogether conveys the wrong message: that we are unwilling to adapt, innovate, and trust students to use tools responsibly.

In conclusion, rather than banning mobile phones outright, educators should integrate them meaningfully into teaching practice. With proper regulation, these devices can support learning, not hinder it.

Yours sincerely,

Cristina Cabal, Avilés, Spain

But Wait! Classes are Over. Who Helps you Practise Speaking Now?

General, , , , ,

Oral exams are coming fast, and while nothing replaces good old-fashioned studying, AI can seriously level up the way you (or your students!) prepare. We’re talking instant feedback, personalized practice, and support that’s available 24/7.

It’s like having a private tutor in your pocket—but way cooler. And no, it won’t do the talking for you (sorry!). But it will help you speak more confidently, sound more natural, and feel way more prepared.

DESIGNING AN APP THAT HELPS THEM PREPARE THE MONOLOGUE

And just like that!

Who would’ve imagined that I, someone with zero experience in coding, could actually design my own app? Honestly, it still surprises me! Artificial Intelligence has completely transformed the way I teach, and the support I can now offer my students is truly next-level.

So, my students are currently preparing for an oral exam that includes two key parts: a monologue and an interactive task. In this case, I decided to focus on helping them tackle the monologue—and I created an interactive app designed specifically for that. Yes!! Me! And if I can do it, believe me, anybody can!

Link to the app and instructions.

APP de cristina.cabalWhat Does the App Do? It’s simple but super effective:

  1. Practice Simulations: The student starts by choosing a topic from a list (think: work, crime … you name it!). And as soon as they select one, the app automatically displays 3 prompts related to that topic. Just like the real exam!
  2. Vocabulary & Grammar Boost: Before jumping into the speaking task, students do some brainstorming—in the space provided, they write C1-level topic-related vocabulary and advanced grammar structures that can really impress the examiner. This gives them a chance to reflect and retrieve useful language before speaking.
  3. Time Management: There’s a built-in 3-minute timer, so they get used to managing their time, just like in the real exam.
  4. Continuous Practice: Once they finish one topic, they simply move on to the next. It’s all about practice, practice, practice.

And because I’m all about using free tools (yes, still flying the Free App Teacher flag!), I used Google’s Gemini  (the free version) to build the app (you just need to start  with the prompt” I want to create an interactive app that… (purpose)” and then, iterate until you get what you want. I then embedded the code on Google Sites, another totally free and user-friendly platform.

I’ve been experimenting with app design for quite a while now, but this particular app was inspired by one shared by the brilliant Eli Gozalo, who used a similar structure for a speaking task. Her work sparked the idea, and I adapted it to suit my students’ exam prep.

 

BUT WAIT—WHO’S CORRECTING THEIR SPEAKING? USING CHATGPT ADVANCED MODE.

Okay, so if you’re thinking, “Wait, ChatGPT can actually listen to my students speak and give feedback?!”—The answer is YES. It totally can. But only if you’re using the mobile app (yep, the magic happens on your phone!). This is where ChatGPT’s advanced voice function comes in! It’s like having a private tutor available 24/7. I ask my students to practise their monologues out loud and then use ChatGPT to give them corrections and suggestions.

Here’s a simple set of instructions I give ChatGPT:

  1. ChatGPT acting as a tutor , correcting mistakes and giving feedback

 “Hi ChatGPT, I need your help! I’m going to practise a monologue for my speaking exam. Please listen carefully and, when I finish, give me:

  1. Corrections for any grammar, vocabulary, or pronunciation mistakes

  2. Suggestions for using more advanced vocabulary or grammar

Let me know when you’re ready, and I’ll begin!”

2. ChatGPT modelling asnwers to inspire you.

Hi ChatGPT, please respond to the following prompt as if you were a C1-level English learner (adult, non-native). Your answer should  be about 45 seconds long and demonstrate advanced vocabulary, accurate grammar, and complex sentence structures. This is the prompt … ”   “

And just like that, students get instant feedback. It’s targeted, it’s specific, and it helps them grow fast. Perfect??? Of course, not!  Only teachers are perfect!! hahahah!

Confusing Words: Danger, Peril, Threat, Hazard, Menace and Risk

General, ,

Have you ever wondered whether you should say risk or danger, or what makes a threat different from a menace? These words all relate to harm or trouble, but they’re not exactly the same—and choosing the right one can really sharpen your English. I

In this post, you’ll find clear and simple definitions, each one explained with examples where only one word fits. And to make things even more fun, we’ve turned it into a mini game inspired by Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Can you pick the right word under pressure?

Here we go!

Danger

Definition: A general term referring to the possibility of harm, injury, or negative consequences. It is often immediate or imminent.

Example: Driving at high speed through a foggy road presents a danger to all passengers.

Peril

Definition: A more intensified or extreme form of danger, often involving a high likelihood of serious harm or death. Note: “Peril” is more literary or formal in tone than “danger.”

Example: Mountaineers caught in an avalanche are in peril—their lives are at significant risk.

Threat

Definition: The possibility or expression of future harm, often intentional or directed. A threat may not be immediate but implies a potential for conflict, damage, or danger.

Example: A hostile email from a rival company can be perceived as a threat to your business operations.

Hazard

Definition: A source or condition that can cause harm or damage if not managed. Hazards are often discussed in health and safety contexts. Difference from danger: A hazard is the source, while danger is the condition or situation that may result.

Example: Chemical spills in a laboratory are a serious hazard that must be addressed immediately

Menace

Definition: A person or thing that is persistently troublesome, harmful, or threatening. The word carries a strong connotation of nuisance or long-term disturbance. Stylistic note: “Menace” can describe both people and abstract concepts and often implies social or moral concern.

Example: The gang operating in the neighbourhood has become a real menace to the community.

Risk

Definition: The probability or likelihood that harm will occur. It is often measured or calculated, especially in fields like finance, engineering, or healthcare.Difference from danger: Risk is about possibility, while danger is about the actual presence of harm.

Example: Investing in a startup involves risk, as you may lose your capital if the company fails.

Term Focus Immediacy Connotation Example
Danger Harmful situation or condition Imminent Neutral/serious Standing near a live wire
Peril Severe or extreme danger Critical Formal/literary Lost at sea during a storm
Threat Possibility or intent of harm Future Negative/hostile A cyberattack warning from a hacker
Hazard Source of potential harm Latent Technical/safety Oil on a kitchen floor
Menace Nuisance or ongoing harm Ongoing Strongly negative A dictator seen as a menace to global peace
Risk Probability of harm occurring Theoretical Neutral/analytical Investing in volatile stock markets

 

Let’s play!

Answers explained

1. Chemical __________ that could cause severe respiratory issues.

✅ Correct: hazard

  • ❌ Danger – too general, lacks the focus on the source.

  • ❌ Risk – not about probability, but about an object/source.

  • ❌ Threat, peril, menace – these imply intent, intensity, or agency, which a chemical lacks.
    → Only “hazard” fits: it’s used technically to describe potential harm from substances.

2. His life was under serious __________.

✅ Correct: threat

  • ❌ Danger – doesn’t convey intentionality (implied here).

  • ❌ Risk – focuses on probability, not active danger from others.

  • ❌ Peril – too dramatic/literary here, and not idiomatic with “under”.

  • ❌ Hazard, menace – not used in this collocation.
    → “Under threat” is a set phrase and contextually appropriate.

3. The child was in immediate __________ on the train tracks.

✅ Correct: danger

  • ❌ Peril – close, but not idiomatic with “immediate” for this age group.

  • ❌ Hazard – refers to the source of danger, not the situation.

  • ❌ Threat, menace, risk – not idiomatic or accurate here.
    → “In immediate danger” is a standard and idiomatic expression.

4. Climbers were in grave __________ in the storm.

✅ Correct: peril

  • ❌ Danger – weaker in tone than “grave peril.”

  • ❌ Risk – doesn’t convey immediacy and severity.

  • ❌ Hazard, menace, threat – incorrect register or meaning.
    → “In grave peril” is formal, intense, and collocationally precise.

5. Financial __________ to the company.

✅ Correct: risk

  • ❌ Danger – rarely used with financial terms.

  • ❌ Peril – literary and awkward in business contexts.

  • ❌ Hazard, menace, threat – do not fit financial collocations.
    → “Financial risk” is a fixed collocation in business discourse.

6. The gang had become a __________ to the neighbourhood.

✅ Correct: menace

  • ❌ Threat – possible, but “menace” better fits long-term disturbance.

  • ❌ Hazard, peril, risk – not used for people/social behaviour.

  • ❌ Danger – less precise for ongoing nuisance.
    → “Menace” strongly implies persistently harmful behaviour.

From ‘Hey’ to ‘Dear Sir’: Leveling Up our Formal Email Game

General, , , , , ,

You know that moment when you think your students have totally nailed something… and then reality taps you on the shoulder?

That’s exactly what happened after I gave my class a test where they had to write a formal email. Structurally? Nailed it. They knew how to open and close it like pros.
But the language? Ohhh no. We had “I wanna,” “Hey,” and “It’s pretty bad” floating around like they were writing to a friend, not a company rep.

And you know what? It really got me thinking. Had I not explained things clearly enough? Had we just not practiced it enough? Or… had they maybe skipped a bit of the studying part?

Whatever the reason, I knew one thing for sure: I wanted to sleep with a clear conscience! So, I decided to come back to this writing task—but from a slightly different angle. This time, we weren’t going to talk about structure or where to put your “Dear Sir/Madam”. Nope. We were going to zoom in on what really makes a formal email sound formal:
👉 the language.

Comparing informal and formal vocabulary

I created a one-page reference sheet comparing informal and formal vocabulary and gave them some time to read it. It includes:

  • Everyday verbs such as buy, get, and find out → elevated to purchase, obtain, and ascertain 🔝
  • Basic connectors like but and so → upgraded to however and therefore
  • Casual phrases such as Any questions, just ask! → replaced with Please do not hesitate to contact me… 

PDF here: Vocabulary+Exercises+Teacher’s

Practice Activities

But we all know a list of vocabulary alone doesn’t do the trick.

I gave students two short emails—both written in a very informal tone. One was a complaint email; the other was a grant information request. Both had the kind of casual language you’d expect in a message to a friend, not an institution.

COMPLAINT EMAIL

For the first task, I asked students to take the complaint email and transform it into a formal version in their notebooks. The instructions were clear and simple:

“Transform the following informal email into a formal email. Use the vocabulary provided in the INFORMAL VS FORMAL LANGUAGE section of the document to replace the informal words and phrases with their formal equivalents. Maintain the original meaning and intent of the email.”

The goal here wasn’t to expand or rewrite the message—just say the same thing, but using formal vocabulary.
As they worked, I moved around the room, offering individual feedback and answering quick questions. It was a calm, focused activity—great for noticing patterns and building confidence.

GRANT REQUEST EMAIL

From ‘Hey’ to ‘Dear Sir’ de cristina.cabal

Then came the second task—same idea, but a different format. This time, the students tackled the grant request email, but in a much more dynamic way.

I paired them up and gave each pair a section of wall space with a small whiteboard. (If you don’t have mini whiteboards, sheets of paper work just as well!) Each pair worked together to rewrite the informal email in a formal tone, using the same vocabulary support as before.

As they wrote, I provided real-time feedback, corrected mistakes, and asked guiding questions. We wrapped it up by asking students to read and compare each other’s versions.
It’s always interesting to see how different pairs interpret and rephrase the same content!

Finally, once both activities were done, I gave students a “teacher’s version” of both emails to keep as a reference. That way, they could clearly see what was expected and how close they had come.

3 Fun Ways to Personalize, Engage, and Totally Wow Your Students Using Artificial Intelligence

General, , , , , , ,

How cool would it be if your students walked into class and felt like the lesson was designed just for them? Like, not some generic worksheet, but content that feels real, relevant, and totally engaging. Well,guess what? With a little help from artificial intelligence, we can actually make that happen!

Let me walk you through three super fun, highly customizable activities I’ve designed using AI tools — and trust me, your students are gonna love them.

While this example focuses on the topic of crime, the real beauty of these activities is their flexibility. The prompts, tools, and AI-generated content can be easily adapted to suit any topic or level — from beginners learning food vocabulary to advanced students tackling social issues. It’s all about making the content work for your class

Creating  a Personalised Listening Comprehension Text and Questions

We’ve been diving into the topic of crime for the past two weeks, and students have already built up a solid bank of vocabulary: burglary, fraud, suspect, on probation, to be sentenced, life sentence, to sue… you name it. So I thought, why not take it up a notch?

I used ChatGPT to help me craft a fictional news story about a crime happening right in their own region. Yep, something that felt local, real, and instantly relatable. I made sure to weave in the vocabulary they’d been learning — so as they read, they were like, “Wait, I know that word!”

But I didn’t stop there. I also asked ChatGPT to generate comprehension questions — true, false, or not stated — based on the story.

These are the prompts I used.

Prompt 1. Create a piece of news about a crime in Asturias for C1 students of English. Use C1 vocabulary and structures. Include the words: assault, on probation… Length:about 250 words.

Prompt 2. Write 10 True, False, or Not Stated statements based on the text, ensuring you do not copy the exact wording but instead paraphrase or use synonyms. The statements should follow the same order as the information appears in the text and include a balanced variety of true, false, and not stated items. Be careful that the Not Stated sentences are clearly distinguishable from the false ones. For each statement, provide the correct answer (True, False, or Not Stated) and indicate the relevant section or line of the text as evidence where applicable.

PDF: Teacher’s and Student’s

From Teacher to News Presenter — with a Little AI Magic!

This is where things got extra fun — I took a photo of myself (because why not?) and turned it into an AI avatar that read the story out loud in a perfect native English accent. And listen, my English is good… but let’s not kid ourselves — it’s not BBC News-level good!

Did I feel awkward about putting my animated face on a fake newscast? Nope. Not even a little. I mean, I’m clearly past the point of being easily embarrassed — and honestly, it was a hit! I used a  news-style template, added some dramatic music and headlines, and just like that, we had a super realistic, super fun classroom news report.

The students? Mesmerized. It was like watching the 6 o’clock news — except starring their teacher, speaking English they actually understood!

I have used Canva for education to create the video and the avatar

From Teacher to App Creator: Making Vocab Revision Fun with AI

Okay, now let’s talk about Claude, one of my favorite language models (yes, I’m a bit of a fan). I used it to create an interactive app that helped us revise all that juicy vocabulary we’d been working on — and throw in some new words too. And let me tell you, that mix of revision and fresh vocabulary? It made the whole thing way more exciting!

So,  I designed the game for two teams to compete. The rules were simple: each team took turns choosing a square on the grid and picking the correct option. If they got it right, they scored a point automatically and the grid changed to green. If a team got it wrong, the other team could choose that square again and steal the point by answering correctly.

But here’s where the fun kicked in: some of the vocabulary was just revision, while other words were completely new. This added a whole new layer of competition!

This the prompt I have used. I have had to iterate 4 or 5 times until I got what I wanted.

Create an interactive board game using html. I want two Teams. Team A and Team B who take turns answering questions. Each team has its own score counter that updates when they answer correctly. There should be visual indicators showing which team’s turn it is.

The game should include 20 different questions about crime and punishment, vocabulary appropriate for C1 English students. Each of the 20 squares has a unique question. When you click on one square a question about crime and punishment for C1 students will be displayed. When a team answers a question correctly, the corresponding square permanently changes to green.

The background colour should be red and the website link “www.cristinacabal.com” is displayed at the bottom

Finally, can you give me the answers to the questions in the game?

Ready to try them and adapt the prompts to your own context?