Tag Archives: vocabulary

Confusing Words: Danger, Peril, Threat, Hazard, Menace and Risk

Have you ever wondered whether you should say risk or danger, or what makes a threat different from a menace? These words all relate to harm or trouble, but they’re not exactly the same—and choosing the right one can really sharpen your English. I

In this post, you’ll find clear and simple definitions, each one explained with examples where only one word fits. And to make things even more fun, we’ve turned it into a mini game inspired by Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Can you pick the right word under pressure?

Here we go!

Danger

Definition: A general term referring to the possibility of harm, injury, or negative consequences. It is often immediate or imminent.

Example: Driving at high speed through a foggy road presents a danger to all passengers.


Peril

Definition: A more intensified or extreme form of danger, often involving a high likelihood of serious harm or death. Note: “Peril” is more literary or formal in tone than “danger.”

Example: Mountaineers caught in an avalanche are in peril—their lives are at significant risk.


Threat

Definition: The possibility or expression of future harm, often intentional or directed. A threat may not be immediate but implies a potential for conflict, damage, or danger.

Example: A hostile email from a rival company can be perceived as a threat to your business operations.


Hazard

Definition: A source or condition that can cause harm or damage if not managed. Hazards are often discussed in health and safety contexts. Difference from danger: A hazard is the source, while danger is the condition or situation that may result.

Example: Chemical spills in a laboratory are a serious hazard that must be addressed immediately


Menace

Definition: A person or thing that is persistently troublesome, harmful, or threatening. The word carries a strong connotation of nuisance or long-term disturbance. Stylistic note:Menace” can describe both people and abstract concepts and often implies social or moral concern.

Example: The gang operating in the neighbourhood has become a real menace to the community.


Risk

Definition: The probability or likelihood that harm will occur. It is often measured or calculated, especially in fields like finance, engineering, or healthcare.Difference from danger: Risk is about possibility, while danger is about the actual presence of harm.

Example: Investing in a startup involves risk, as you may lose your capital if the company fails.

Term Focus Immediacy Connotation Example
Danger Harmful situation or condition Imminent Neutral/serious Standing near a live wire
Peril Severe or extreme danger Critical Formal/literary Lost at sea during a storm
Threat Possibility or intent of harm Future Negative/hostile A cyberattack warning from a hacker
Hazard Source of potential harm Latent Technical/safety Oil on a kitchen floor
Menace Nuisance or ongoing harm Ongoing Strongly negative A dictator seen as a menace to global peace
Risk Probability of harm occurring Theoretical Neutral/analytical Investing in volatile stock markets

 

Let’s play!

Answers explained

1. Chemical __________ that could cause severe respiratory issues.

Correct: hazard

  • Danger – too general, lacks the focus on the source.

  • Risk – not about probability, but about an object/source.

  • Threat, peril, menace – these imply intent, intensity, or agency, which a chemical lacks.
    Only “hazard” fits: it’s used technically to describe potential harm from substances.


2. His life was under serious __________.

Correct: threat

  • Danger – doesn’t convey intentionality (implied here).

  • Risk – focuses on probability, not active danger from others.

  • Peril – too dramatic/literary here, and not idiomatic with “under”.

  • Hazard, menace – not used in this collocation.
    → “Under threat” is a set phrase and contextually appropriate.


3. The child was in immediate __________ on the train tracks.

Correct: danger

  • Peril – close, but not idiomatic with “immediate” for this age group.

  • Hazard – refers to the source of danger, not the situation.

  • Threat, menace, risk – not idiomatic or accurate here.
    → “In immediate danger” is a standard and idiomatic expression.


4. Climbers were in grave __________ in the storm.

Correct: peril

  • Danger – weaker in tone than “grave peril.”

  • Risk – doesn’t convey immediacy and severity.

  • Hazard, menace, threat – incorrect register or meaning.
    → “In grave peril” is formal, intense, and collocationally precise.


5. Financial __________ to the company.

Correct: risk

  • Danger – rarely used with financial terms.

  • Peril – literary and awkward in business contexts.

  • Hazard, menace, threat – do not fit financial collocations.
    → “Financial risk” is a fixed collocation in business discourse.


6. The gang had become a __________ to the neighbourhood.

Correct: menace

  • Threat – possible, but “menace” better fits long-term disturbance.

  • Hazard, peril, risk – not used for people/social behaviour.

  • Danger – less precise for ongoing nuisance.
    → “Menace” strongly implies persistently harmful behaviour.

From ‘Hey’ to ‘Dear Sir’: Leveling Up our Formal Email Game

You know that moment when you think your students have totally nailed something… and then reality taps you on the shoulder?

That’s exactly what happened after I gave my class a test where they had to write a formal email. Structurally? Nailed it. They knew how to open and close it like pros.
But the language? Ohhh no. We had “I wanna,” “Hey,” and “It’s pretty bad” floating around like they were writing to a friend, not a company rep.

And you know what? It really got me thinking. Had I not explained things clearly enough? Had we just not practiced it enough? Or… had they maybe skipped a bit of the studying part?

Whatever the reason, I knew one thing for sure: I wanted to sleep with a clear conscience! So, I decided to come back to this writing task—but from a slightly different angle. This time, we weren’t going to talk about structure or where to put your “Dear Sir/Madam”. Nope. We were going to zoom in on what really makes a formal email sound formal:
👉 the language.

Comparing informal and formal vocabulary

I created a one-page reference sheet comparing informal and formal vocabulary and gave them some time to read it. It includes:

  • Everyday verbs such as buy, get, and find out → elevated to purchase, obtain, and ascertain 🔝
  • Basic connectors like but and so → upgraded to however and therefore
  • Casual phrases such as Any questions, just ask! → replaced with Please do not hesitate to contact me… 

PDF here: Vocabulary+Exercises+Teacher’s

Practice Activities

But we all know a list of vocabulary alone doesn’t do the trick.

I gave students two short emails—both written in a very informal tone. One was a complaint email; the other was a grant information request. Both had the kind of casual language you’d expect in a message to a friend, not an institution.

COMPLAINT EMAIL

For the first task, I asked students to take the complaint email and transform it into a formal version in their notebooks. The instructions were clear and simple:

“Transform the following informal email into a formal email. Use the vocabulary provided in the INFORMAL VS FORMAL LANGUAGE section of the document to replace the informal words and phrases with their formal equivalents. Maintain the original meaning and intent of the email.”

The goal here wasn’t to expand or rewrite the message—just say the same thing, but using formal vocabulary.
As they worked, I moved around the room, offering individual feedback and answering quick questions. It was a calm, focused activity—great for noticing patterns and building confidence.

GRANT REQUEST EMAIL

From ‘Hey’ to ‘Dear Sir’ de cristina.cabal

Then came the second task—same idea, but a different format. This time, the students tackled the grant request email, but in a much more dynamic way.

I paired them up and gave each pair a section of wall space with a small whiteboard. (If you don’t have mini whiteboards, sheets of paper work just as well!) Each pair worked together to rewrite the informal email in a formal tone, using the same vocabulary support as before.

As they wrote, I provided real-time feedback, corrected mistakes, and asked guiding questions. We wrapped it up by asking students to read and compare each other’s versions.
It’s always interesting to see how different pairs interpret and rephrase the same content!

Finally, once both activities were done, I gave students a “teacher’s version” of both emails to keep as a reference. That way, they could clearly see what was expected and how close they had come.

3 Fun Ways to Personalize, Engage, and Totally Wow Your Students Using Artificial Intelligence

How cool would it be if your students walked into class and felt like the lesson was designed just for them? Like, not some generic worksheet, but content that feels real, relevant, and totally engaging. Well,guess what? With a little help from artificial intelligence, we can actually make that happen!

Let me walk you through three super fun, highly customizable activities I’ve designed using AI tools — and trust me, your students are gonna love them.

While this example focuses on the topic of crime, the real beauty of these activities is their flexibility. The prompts, tools, and AI-generated content can be easily adapted to suit any topic or level — from beginners learning food vocabulary to advanced students tackling social issues. It’s all about making the content work for your class

Creating  a Personalised Listening Comprehension Text and Questions

We’ve been diving into the topic of crime for the past two weeks, and students have already built up a solid bank of vocabulary: burglary, fraud, suspect, on probation, to be sentenced, life sentence, to sue… you name it. So I thought, why not take it up a notch?

I used ChatGPT to help me craft a fictional news story about a crime happening right in their own region. Yep, something that felt local, real, and instantly relatable. I made sure to weave in the vocabulary they’d been learning — so as they read, they were like, “Wait, I know that word!”

But I didn’t stop there. I also asked ChatGPT to generate comprehension questions — true, false, or not stated — based on the story.

These are the prompts I used.

Prompt 1. Create a piece of news about a crime in Asturias for C1 students of English. Use C1 vocabulary and structures. Include the words: assault, on probation… Length:about 250 words.

Prompt 2. Write 10 True, False, or Not Stated statements based on the text, ensuring you do not copy the exact wording but instead paraphrase or use synonyms. The statements should follow the same order as the information appears in the text and include a balanced variety of true, false, and not stated items. Be careful that the Not Stated sentences are clearly distinguishable from the false ones. For each statement, provide the correct answer (True, False, or Not Stated) and indicate the relevant section or line of the text as evidence where applicable.

PDF: Teacher’s and Student’s


From Teacher to News Presenter — with a Little AI Magic!

This is where things got extra fun — I took a photo of myself (because why not?) and turned it into an AI avatar that read the story out loud in a perfect native English accent. And listen, my English is good… but let’s not kid ourselves — it’s not BBC News-level good!

Did I feel awkward about putting my animated face on a fake newscast? Nope. Not even a little. I mean, I’m clearly past the point of being easily embarrassed — and honestly, it was a hit! I used a  news-style template, added some dramatic music and headlines, and just like that, we had a super realistic, super fun classroom news report.

The students? Mesmerized. It was like watching the 6 o’clock news — except starring their teacher, speaking English they actually understood!

I have used Canva for education to create the video and the avatar

From Teacher to App Creator: Making Vocab Revision Fun with AI

Okay, now let’s talk about Claude, one of my favorite language models (yes, I’m a bit of a fan). I used it to create an interactive app that helped us revise all that juicy vocabulary we’d been working on — and throw in some new words too. And let me tell you, that mix of revision and fresh vocabulary? It made the whole thing way more exciting!

So,  I designed the game for two teams to compete. The rules were simple: each team took turns choosing a square on the grid and picking the correct option. If they got it right, they scored a point automatically and the grid changed to green. If a team got it wrong, the other team could choose that square again and steal the point by answering correctly.

But here’s where the fun kicked in: some of the vocabulary was just revision, while other words were completely new. This added a whole new layer of competition!

This the prompt I have used. I have had to iterate 4 or 5 times until I got what I wanted.

Create an interactive board game using html. I want two Teams. Team A and Team B who take turns answering questions. Each team has its own score counter that updates when they answer correctly. There should be visual indicators showing which team’s turn it is.

The game should include 20 different questions about crime and punishment, vocabulary appropriate for C1 English students. Each of the 20 squares has a unique question. When you click on one square a question about crime and punishment for C1 students will be displayed. When a team answers a question correctly, the corresponding square permanently changes to green.

The background colour should be red and the website link “www.cristinacabal.com” is displayed at the bottom

Finally, can you give me the answers to the questions in the game?

Ready to try them and adapt the prompts to your own context?

Lesson Plan: Economy and Business Made Palatable with Elon Musk’s Visit

Oh! We’ve all seen it happen—students start a speaking task, and suddenly, their vocabulary shrinks to the same five words they always use! Why? Because without revisiting and retrieving vocabulary first, their brains take the easy route. That’s why retrieval practice is golden! A quick vocab review—whether it’s a fast-paced game, a word association challenge, or a quick brainstorm—gives students the words they actually know but might not remember under pressure.

But how do we make economy and business—a topic that can feel dry or intimidating—actually exciting? Simple: we call in the richest man on the planet to help.

Warm-up

Imagine starting the lesson by asking, “If the richest person on the planet walked into this room, what would you ask them?” Boom—instant engagement!

Display a photo of Elon Musk and have students ask him questions. Now, open ChatGPT and write this prompt, “can you act like Elon Musk and answer a few questions?”Give students a minute or two to write their questions and type them in. Once ChatGPT answers, click the loudspeaker and let ChatGPT speak as Musk—just make sure you’ve chosen a masculine voice in advance.

Here’s the link to ChatGPT with the questions my students asked Elon. Excuse my typos. It was a quick exercise not meant to correct grammar or spelling.

By the way, lots of skills involved in this simple exercise: writing questions, understanding complex answers in both written and spoken form (remember by clicking on the Read aloud icon).

Retrieval Practice: Revising Vocabulary from their Textbooks

Now, tell students that Elon Musk has a challenge for them: “Guess my 10 favourite words about economy and business!”. The words he’s thinking of? They’re the same ones my students have been learning in class. But can they predict which ones made his list?

  1. Ask students to write 10 words related to business and economy that they have learned in the lesson on a separate sheet of paper. Give them one minute to do this.

  2. Swap papers with a classmate. Now, each student will read the list of words that their classmate wrote. This helps reinforce vocabulary because by reading someone else’s choices, they’re likely to remember even more words!

  3. While students are swapping papers and reflecting, the teacher has previously copy-pasted all the vocabulary that students have learned in this lesson into ChatGPT. Now, ask ChatGPT:”Can you act like Elon Musk and choose 10 words from this list that relate to business and economy?

  4. Once you’ve got your list of 10 words from ChatGPT, go back to the students and ask them to compare their list with the words that ChatGPT (as Elon Musk) has provided.  Again, more words reinforced

And, in my case, because I love playing around with AI, I’ve taken it up a notch by creating a talking avatar of Elon Musk to introduce the activity!  He’ll be the one saying the 10 words and getting everyone excited. I’m hoping he doesn’t take offence (but honestly, I think he’d be all for it)!

Note: you might need to pause the video in-between words. He speaks a bit too fast.

 

Elon Retrieval de cristina.cabal

Vocabulary. PDF with a vocabulary exercise.

Eight pages in their textbooks talking about economy? Far too much! So, I have decided to ask them to stick to a few words, learn them and use them. On this list, I have included the vocabulary from the book, plus a bit more. Enough. Plus, a fill- in the gaps exercise to see them in context.

  • To be involved in malpractice
  • Shareholders
  • A period of recession and austerity
  • Creditors
  • Deposits
  • To bankrupt
  • Raise start-up funds
  • To run your own business
  • To invest in networking
  • Assessing and taking risks
  • Upturn or decline in sales
  • Customers or clients
  • Overheads
  • Lay off people
  • Floating or launching the firm
  • To be flooded with orders
  • Business is picking up
  • To make cutbacks
  • Business ends up going under
  • We are hanging in
  • To take on staff
  • To make staff redundant
  • A downturn in sales
  • A drop in sales
  • Terminate a contract
  • Pitch for a contract

 

Crazy Writing: Activating Vocabulary in Writing

Time to write! This activity is a bit crazy, highly engaging, and exactly the kind of challenge C1 students need! So, instead of the usual sit-down-and-write approach, students will work in pairs, standing up and using the whiteboards to do the activity. No whiteboards? No problem! They can write on paper and then display their work on the classroom walls for everyone to see.

The key question they’ll have to write about is: How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected your country’s business landscape? To “force” vocabulary, I will be suing two wheels. One wheel will be packed with key vocabulary (some they know, some they don’t), while the other will have grammar structures they will be asked to use. I’ll spin each wheel five times, and whatever lands, they must incorporate into their response. This twist adds an element of surprise and  forces them to adapt their writing on the spot.

This is what it looks like

Link to wheel

 

Speaking: Activating Vocabulary in a Speaking Activity

Business and economy de cristina.cabal

Yes, if you are wondering, I have asked AI to create the slides and the content in the questions. No need to waste some precious time doing things AI can do for you. You only need to know how to ask. Remember that.

Now, in my case, and for this activity, I have used the Speed Dating strategy. Always a hit.

I hope you have enjoyed the lesson. Keep posted for more creative ways to use technology in the classroom!

Lesson Plan: Immigration and Deportation

Today, I want to  share a lesson about a topic that affects real lives and stirs deep feelings: immigration and deportation. With recent events—like the thousands of deportations under Donald Trump’s policies—it’s clear that this issue is both timely and challenging. In this lesson, we’ll explore the language and ideas that help us discuss this subject respectfully and accurately.

What you will find in this lesson

  • warm-up
  • vocabulary
  • speaking: gallery walks
  • listening comprehension

Level:
C1 (Advanced)

Handouts

 

WARM -UP

We will kick things off by drawing a mind map on the board. I will ask students  to share any words or phrases that come to mind when they think about immigration and deportation.

What would you do if you had to leave your home country and start a new life somewhere else?

USEFUL VOCABULARY

Below is a list of useful vocabulary for discussing the topic of deportation and illegal immigration. This includes verbs, nouns, and phrases that will help students express themselves more precisely and fluently at a C1 level. I know the vocabulary list might seem a bit like a lot, but I’m pretty sure most of my students  already know many of these terms.

SMALL CHALLENGE

Moreover, most of these words are super similar in their own language. So, what I’ll do is say the word in Spanish and challenge them to give me the English equivalent. This way, they’ll quickly see that they already know most of these terms and don’t need to stress about learning them all from scratch.

Verbs

  1. Deport: To forcibly remove someone from a country.
    Example: “The government deported hundreds of illegal immigrants last year.”
  2. Detain: To hold someone in custody, often while their legal status is determined.
    Example: “Many immigrants are detained in centers near the border.”
  3. Overstay: To remain in a country longer than the visa allows.
    Example: “He overstayed his tourist visa and became an illegal immigrant.”
  4. Flee: To leave a place quickly to escape danger.
    Example: “Thousands of people flee their home countries due to war or persecution.”
  5. Seek asylum: To request protection in another country due to danger in one’s home country.
    Example: “She sought asylum after being persecuted for her political beliefs.”
  6. Integrate: To become part of a community or society.
    Example: “Successful integration programs help immigrants adapt to their new country.”
  7. Enforce: To ensure compliance with laws or rules.
    Example: “The government enforces strict immigration policies.”
  8. Repatriate: To send someone back to their home country.
    Example: “After the war, many refugees were repatriated.”

 Nouns

  1. Immigration: The act of moving to a new country to live permanently.
    Example: “Immigration policies vary widely between countries.”
  2. Emigration: The act of leaving one’s country to live in another.
    Example: “Emigration rates have increased due to economic instability.”
  3. Refugee: A person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
    Example: “Refugees often face dangerous journeys to reach safety.”
  4. Visa: An official document allowing someone to enter or stay in a country for a specific purpose.
    Example: “She applied for a student visa to study abroad.”
  5. Citizenship: The status of being a legal member of a country.
    Example: “He obtained citizenship after living in the country for five years.”
  6. Border: The line separating two countries.
    Example: “The border between the two countries is heavily guarded.”
  7. Detention center: A facility where immigrants are held while their legal status is determined.
    Example: “Conditions in some detention centers have been criticized by human rights groups.”
  8. Humanitarian crisis: A situation where people suffer due to war, famine, or disaster.
    Example: “The civil war has caused a humanitarian crisis in the region.”
  9. Policy: A set of rules or guidelines adopted by a government or organization.
    Example: “The new immigration policy has sparked widespread debate.”
  10. Xenophobia: Fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers.
    Example: “Xenophobia can lead to discrimination against immigrants.”

Useful Phrases and Expressions

  1. Illegal entry: Entering a country without proper authorization.
    Example: “Illegal entry is often punished with deportation.”
  2. Border security: Measures taken to protect a country’s borders.
    Example: “Increased border security has reduced illegal crossings.”
  3. Economic migrant: A person who moves to another country for better job opportunities.
    Example: “Many economic migrants risk their lives to reach developed countries.”
  4. Family reunification: The process of bringing family members together in one country.
    Example: “Family reunification is a common reason for immigration.”
  5. Human rights violations: Actions that abuse or deny basic human rights.
    Example: “Deporting refugees to war zones may constitute human rights violations.”
  6. Undocumented workers: People who work in a country without legal permission.
    Example: “Undocumented workers often face exploitation.”

Speaking Activity 1: GALLERY WALK WITH POSTERS

I love using the gallery walk strategy. With this strategy I guarantee engagement, peer interaction and the possibility of listening to different perspectives. Here’s how I have done it in this lesson.

  • Step 1. First, I help my students recall and bring forward newly learned vocabulary related to the topic.
  • Step 2.  Students pair up or form small groups of three. Together, they write down five vocabulary words related to the topic on a piece of paper. I then stick these around the classroom—I make sure to have as many groups as posters I have created.
  • Step 3. Next, I put up posters on the walls, right next to each vocabulary sheet. Each poster contains questions  related to the topic.
  • Step 4. Now it’s time to move! Students get up, pick a poster with their group, and start answering the questions—making an effort to incorporate the vocabulary from the nearby sheet.
  • Step 5. After about 5 minutes I give my students a signal to rotate to the next poster.

Click to see and print  the posters with the questions.

LISTENING COMPREHENSION

In this video you will see a snapshot of recent events in the United States, focusing on the actions of the Trump administration.

Watch it and anwer the questions below

1.What is the implicit reason behind the deployment of US troops to the southern border?

  1. To offer humanitarian aid to migrants crossing the border.
  2. To prevent further entry of individuals into the United States
  3. To facilitate the processing of asylum seekers.

2.What can be inferred about the relationship between Trump’s administration and the processing of asylum seekers?

  1.  The administration has streamlined the asylum process to efficiently manage the flow of migrants.
  2. The administration has halted the processing of asylum claims as part of its deportation strategy.
  3.  The administration is providing additional resources to handle the increased number of asylum applications.

3.What is the primary intention behind Trump’s social media message to Russian President Vladimir Putin?

  1. To establish a collaborative partnership between the US and Russia.
  2. To express his solidarity with Russia and their actions in Ukraine.
  3. To compel Russia to stop the conflict in Ukraine by using threats of sanctions.

4.How does the video portray the views of Trump’s administration versus the views of those protesting border policies, such as those holding vigils and protesting in Las Vegas?

  1. Both groups are in agreement that current immigration policies are well-justified and humane.
  2. The groups are in direct opposition, with Trump’s administration initiating a hardline deportation operation and protesters resisting these measures
  3. The groups share a belief in the current laws but differ in their methods of supporting them.

5.What implication can be drawn from the information about Trump’s pardon of the Proud Boys leader, within the broader context of the video?

  1.  It suggests a policy of leniency for all political offenders and those who have been convicted of violent crimes.
  2.  It highlights a disregard for the legal process, particularly concerning those who were involved in actions that challenged the established government.
  3.  It shows Trump’s preference for granting clemency to those who committed very minor crimes.